Grammatica inglese - Il discorso diretto ed indiretto

Nel modulo vedremo come procedere alla trasformazione da discorso diretto a discorso indiretto, facendo uso del verbo "to say". Vedremo, in particolare, come trasformare i verbi dal tempo presente al tempo passato, con particolare attenzione nei confronti dei verbi modali e degli aggettivi e pronomi dimostrativi, temporali e di luogo. Al termine potrete verificare quanto appreso con i nostri esercizi grammaticali.

  • shape
  • shape


Discorso diretto ed indiretto in inglese

In questa sezione ci occupiamo di due modi diversi per riferire ciò che dice una persona: il discorso diretto e il discorso indiretto. Cosa sono? Facciamo un esempio. Discorso diretto: “Mamma, sto imparando l’inglese!”, dice Marco.

Discorso indiretto: Marco dice alla mamma che sta imparando l’inglese. E fin qui abbiamo parlato in italiano; cosa succede in inglese?

Nel discorso diretto si citano tra virgolette le parole pronunciate da una persona:

He says: “Mommy, I am learning English.”

Nel discorso indiretto le parole sono riferite, ma non riportate fedelmente.

He says he is learning English.

Discorso indiretto al presente

Se il verbo che introduce la frase riferita è al tempo presente, i tempi dei verbi nel discorso indiretto non subiscono alcuna trasformazione:

 

DISCORSO DIRETTO

DISCORSO INDIRETTO

Present

She says: “I speak French”.

She says she speaks French.

Present continuous

He says: “I am going to school”.

He says he is going to school.

Simple past

She says: “I drank some milk”.

She says she drank some milk.

Future present

He says: “I will work with my father”.

He says he will work with his father.

Discorso indiretto al passato

Quando il verbo che introduce la frase riferita è al tempo passato, nel discorso indiretto cambiano i tempi verbali, gli aggettivi dimostrativi, gli avverbi di tempo e di luogo.

TEMPI VERBALI CHE VARIANO

DISCORSO DIRETTO

DISCORSO INDIRETTO

Present

Tom said to Sue: “I have a new pc.”

Past simple

Tom said to Sue he had a new pc.

Present continuous

He said: “I am playing football”.

Past continuous

He said he was playing football.

Present perfect

She said: “James has just left.”

Past perfect

She said James had just left.

Present perfect continuous

Luke said: “I have been talking for hours”.

Past perfect continuous

Luke said he had been talking for hours.

Past simple

He said: “I ate an apple”.

Past perfect

He said he had eaten an apple.

Future

He said: “I will pass this exam”.

Conditional

He said he would pass the exam.

Future continuous

Mary said: “I will be sleeping”.

Present conditional continuous

Mary said she would be sleeping.

Imperative

The policeman said: “Stop your car.”

Infinitive

The policeman said to stop my car.

TEMPI VERBALI CHE NON VARIANO

Nel discorso indiretto alcuni tempi e modi verbali restano invariati, ossia  past continuous, il past perfect continuous, past conditional, past perfect, present conditional.

Ecco un esempio:

“I was playing the piano when the phone rang”, said Sam.    

Sam said he was playing the piano when the phone rang.

VERBI MODALI

DISCORSO DIRETTO

DISCORSO INDIRETTO

can

could

may

might

shall

should

will

would

must

must/had to

Esempi:

He asked: “Can you come with me?”

He asked if I could come with him.

My boyfriend asked me: “Will you dance with me?”

My boyfriend asked if I would dance with him.

                                                                                 

AGGETTIVI DIMOSTRATIVI, AVVERBI DI LUOGO E DI TEMPO

DISCORSO DIRETTO

DISCORSO INDIRETTO

this

that

these

those

now

then

today

that day

tonight

that night

yesterday

the previous day

tomorrow

the following day

next week/month/year

the following week/month/year

last week/month/year

the last week/month/year

here

there

this place

that place

Esempi:

He said: “I am fixing this car.”

He said he was fixing that car.

Verbi introduttivi del discorso indiretto

I verbi più comuni per introdurre il discorso indiretto sono to say e to tell.

Altri verbi sono:

Affermazioni

To add

To announce

To argue

To decide

To explain

To inform

To observe

To point out

To remark

To reply

Domande

To ask

To inquire

To wonder

Risposte

To accept

To agree

To answer

To deny

To disagree

To refuse

Inviti

To invite

To beg chiedere (formale)

To urge sollecitare

Ordini

To order

To instruct

To forbid

To threaten

Suggerimenti

To advise

To dissuade

To encourage

To persuade

To warn

The extra-mile…

In caso di short answers, nel discorso diretto viene utilizzato lo stesso ausiliare della domanda.

Esempi:

Tom said: “Do you like surfing the net?” I said: “Yes, I do.”

He asked me if I liked surfing the net and I answered I did.

Mary said: “Are you going to school?” I said: “Yes, I am.”

She asked if I was going to school and I answered I was.

Esercizio 1 Facile

Trasforma le seguenti frasi in discorso indiretto

1. “I like this car.”

Mark said…

2. “Kate is busy now.”

Her mother said…

3. “I have been speaking German a lot today.”

He told me…

4. “I met Sandy yesterday.”

Mike said…

5. “It will snow tomorrow.”

Tim said…

6. “I watched an interesting movie last week.”

Alex told us…

7. “Sarah will come next week.”

He told me…

8. “ We’ll move into the new house soon.”

My mother said…

9. “John  phoned half an hour ago.”

Mark told us…

10. “Your exercise is full of mistakes.”

The teacher told me…

Esercizio 2 Medio

1. “You must be at home by 8pm” said my father.

My father…

2. The doctor said: “You should take a month’s rest.”

The doctor said…

3. Jessica said: “I am sorry, but I can’t be there in time.”

Jessica…

4. Sam told me: “You must do it again.”

Sam…

5. “Are you going to spend the whole night working?” asked my brother.

My brother..

6. “My brother will teach you to speak German” said my girlfriend.

My girlfriend…

7. He said: “May I make a phone call?”

He…

8. My mother said: “Dinner’s ready.”

My mother…

9. “I can’t remember when I went to Pisa” said my old friend.

My old friend…

10. “Kate might know the answer” said Mary.

Mary…

Paragrafi letti

 

    
0%
       Salva
Approfondimenti su: 'Il discorso diretto ed indiretto'

 



Impara l'inglese con noi

Iscriviti gratis e accedi a tutti i nostri esercizi

Iscriviti gratis!
Forum
Altre materie

Statistiche

Nel pannello personale, ogni utente può facilmente tenere traccia di tutti i punti ottenuti negli esercizi. I grafici mostrano in modo chiaro le attività ancora da completare e quanto hai già realizzato!


Vai alla mia dashboard  

Resources: To ensure optimal performance and prevent server overload, each user is allocated a limited quota of resources
...
Exercise:
...
ChatGpt
...